In mechanical engineering the trend towards increasingly flexible solutions is leading to changes in control systems.
The growth of mechatronic systems and modular functional units is placing high demands on software and its design. In the coming years, automation technology will experience the same transition that has already taken place in the PC world: a transition to more advanced and reproducible software design, simpler modification, and increasing modularity.
This can only be achieved through object-oriented programming. This book is aimed at those who want to familiarize themselves with this development in automation technology. Whether mechanical engineers, technicians, or experienced automation engineers, it can help readers to understand and use object-oriented programming.
From version 4. The book supports this way of thinking and programming and offers examples of various object-oriented techniques and their mechanisms. The examples are designed as a step-by-step process that produces a finished, ready-to-use machine module. A Smart Grid delivers renewable energy as a main source of electricity from producers to consumers using two-way monitoring through Smart Meter technology that can remotely control consumer electricity use. This can help to storage excess energy; reduce costs, increase reliability and transparency, and make processes more efficiently.
Current development in the field are systematically explored with an introduction, detailed discussion and an experimental demonstration.
Each chapter also includes the future scope and ongoing research for each topic. Smart Grids: Opportunities, Developments, and Trends provides up to date knowledge, research results, and innovations in Smart Grids spanning design, implementation, analysis and evaluation of Smart Grid solutions to the challenging problems in all areas of power industry.
Providing a solid foundation for graduate and postgraduate students, this thorough approach also makes Smart Grids: Opportunities, Developments, and Trends a useful resource and hand book for researchers and practitioners in Smart Grid research.
It can also act as a guide to Smart Grids for industry professionals and engineers from different fields working with Smart Grids. The objective of the book is to fill a knowledge gap by covering the topic of substation automation by a team of authors, with academic and industry backgrounds.
Understanding substation automation concepts and practical solutions requires knowledge in vastly diverse areas, such as primary and secondary equipment, computers, communications, fiber optic sensors, signal processing, and general information technology not generally taught in a power curricula but taught as independent subjects. At the same time, utility practice dictates how substation automation designs may be laid out and deployed.
To design such a system one also requires knowledge about existing standards for data exchange, as well as test methods for evaluation of solutions.
This book is designed to meet the educational needs of undergraduate and graduate power majors, as well as to serve as a reference to professionals who need to know about substation automation because of fast changing technology expertise needed in their careers. To meet the wide range of interests and needs, the book covers diverse aspects of substation automation, allowing instructors to select the best combination of chapters to meet their specific educational needs.
Authored by an internationally recognized expert in the field, this expanded, timely second edition addresses all the critical information security management issues needed to help businesses protect their valuable assets. Professionals learn how to manage business risks, governance and compliance. Moreover, readers are presented with practical and logical information on standard accreditation and certification.
This new edition of the definitive arc flash reference guide, fully updated to align with the IEEE's updated hazard calculations An arc flash, an electrical breakdown of the resistance of air resulting in an electric arc, can cause substantial damage, fire, injury, or loss of life. Professionals involved in the design, operation, or maintenance of electric power systems require thorough and up-to-date knowledge of arc flash safety and prevention methods.
Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation is the most comprehensive reference guide available on all aspects of arc flash hazard calculations, protective current technologies, and worker safety in electrical environments. Detailed chapters cover protective relaying, unit protection systems, arc-resistant equipment, arc flash analyses in DC systems, and many more critical topics. Now in its second edition, this industry-standard resource contains fully revised material throughout, including a new chapter on calculation procedures conforming to the latest IEEE Guide Updated methodology and equations are complemented by new practical examples and case studies.
Expanded topics include risk assessment, electrode configuration, the impact of system grounding, electrical safety in workplaces, and short-circuit currents. Written by a leading authority with more than three decades' experience conducting power system analyses, this invaluable guide: Provides the latest methodologies for flash arc hazard analysis as well practical mitigation techniques, fully aligned with the updated IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations Explores an inclusive range of current technologies and strategies for arc flash mitigation Covers calculations of short-circuits, protective relaying, and varied electrical system configurations in industrial power systems Addresses differential relays, arc flash sensing relays, protective relaying coordination, current transformer operation and saturation, and more Includes review questions and references at the end of each chapter Part of the market-leading IEEE Series on Power Engineering, the second edition of Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation remains essential reading for all electrical engineers and consulting engineers.
Featuring contributions from major technology vendors, industry consortia, and government and private research establishments, the Industrial Communication Technology Handbook, Second Edition provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of wire- and wireless-based specialized communication networks used in plant and factory automation, automotive applications, avionics, building automation, energy and power systems, train applications, and more.
New to the Second Edition: 46 brand-new chapters and 21 substantially revised chapters Inclusion of the latest, most significant developments in specialized communication technologies and systems Addition of new application domains for specialized networks The Industrial Communication Technology Handbook, Second Edition supplies readers with a thorough understanding of the application-specific requirements for communication services and their supporting technologies.
It is useful to a broad spectrum of professionals involved in the conception, design, development, standardization, and use of specialized communication networks as well as academic institutions engaged in engineering education and vocational training. Practical Power System and Protective Relays Commissioning is a unique collection of the most important developments in the field of power system setup.
It includes simple explanations and cost affordable models for operating engineers. The book explains the theory of power system components in a simple, clear method that also shows how to apply different commissioning tests for different protective relays.
The book discusses scheduling for substation commissioning and how to manage available resources to efficiently complete projects on budget and with optimal use of resources. Explains the theory of power system components and how to set the different types of relays Discusses the time schedule for substation commissioning and how to manage available resources and cost implications Details worked examples and illustrates best practices.
Skip to content. Substation Automation Systems. The book is divided into several sections, covering the following topics: machine learning and applications, swarm optimization and applications, robotic and control systems, sentiment analysis, e-learning and social media education, machine and deep learning algorithms, recognition and image processing, intelligent systems and applications, mobile computing and networking, cyber-physical systems and security, smart grids and renewable energy, and micro-grid and power systems.
This book discusses recent advances in cyber-physical power systems CPPS in the modeling, analysis and applications of smart grid. It introduces a series of models, such as an analysis of interaction between the power grid and the communication network, differential protection in smart distribution systems, data flow for VLAN-based communication in substations, a co-simulation model for investigating the impacts of cyber-contingency and distributed control systems as well as the analytical techniques used in different parts of cyber physical energy systems.
It also discusses methods of cyber-attack on power systems, particularly false data injection. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to different elements of smart city infrastructure - smart energy, smart water, smart health, and smart transportation - and how they work independently and together. Theoretical development and practical applications are presented, along with related standards, recommended practices, and professional guidelines.
Throughout the book, diagrams and case studies are provided that demonstrate the systems presented, and extensive use of scenarios helps readers better grasp how smart grids, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, and trading models can improve road safety, healthcare, smart water management, and a low-carbon economy.
A must-read for practicing engineers, consultants, regulators, utility operators, and environmentalists involved in smart city development, the book will also appeal to city planners and designers, as well as upper-level undergraduate and graduate students studying energy, environmental science, technology, economics, signal processing, information science, and power engineering.
The goal of this conference is to bring researchers, engineers, and students to the areas of Electrical, Control and Automation Engineering to share experiences and original research contributions on those topics. Researchers and practitioners are invited to submit their contributions to ECAE The latest edition features a new chapter on implementation and operation of an integrated smart grid with updates to multiple chapters throughout the text.
New sections on Internet of things, and how they relate to smart grids and smart cities, have also been added to the book. It describes the impetus for change in the electric utility industry and discusses the business drivers, benefits, and market outlook of the smart grid initiative. The book identifies the technical framework of enabling technologies and smart solutions and describes the role of technology developments and coordinated standards in smart grid, including various initiatives and organizations helping to drive the smart grid effort.
With chapters written by leading experts in the field, the text explains how to plan, integrate, implement, and operate a smart grid. Substation Automation Systems: Design and Implementation aims to close the gap created by fast changing technologies impacting on a series of legacy principles related to how substation secondary systems are conceived and implemented. It is intended to help those who have to define and implement SAS, whilst also conforming to the current industry best practice standards.
Key features: Project-oriented approach to all practical aspects of SAS design and project development. Uniquely focusses on the rapidly changing control aspect of substation design, using novel communication technologies and IEDs Intelligent Electronic Devices. Covers the complete chain of SAS components and related equipment instead of purely concentrating on intelligent electronic devices and communication networks.
Discusses control and monitoring facilities for auxiliary power systems. Explains standard IEC — Communication networks and systems for power utility automation — to support all new systems networked to perform control, monitoring, automation, metering and protection functions.
Written for practical application, this book is a valuable resource for professionals operating within different SAS project stages including the: specification process; contracting process; design and engineering process; integration process; testing process and the operation and maintenance process.
The objective of the book is to fill a knowledge gap by covering the topic of substation automation by a team of authors, with academic and industry backgrounds. Understanding substation automation concepts and practical solutions requires knowledge in vastly diverse areas, such as primary and secondary equipment, computers, communications, fiber optic sensors, signal processing, and general information technology not generally taught in a power curricula but taught as independent subjects.
At the same time, utility practice dictates how substation automation designs may be laid out and deployed. To design such a system one also requires knowledge about existing standards for data exchange, as well as test methods for evaluation of solutions.
This book is designed to meet the educational needs of undergraduate and graduate power majors, as well as to serve as a reference to professionals who need to know about substation automation because of fast changing technology expertise needed in their careers.
To meet the wide range of interests and needs, the book covers diverse aspects of substation automation, allowing instructors to select the best combination of chapters to meet their specific educational needs.
The promise of a smarter electricity grid could significantly change how consumers use and pay for their electrical power, and could fundamentally reshape the current Industry.
Gaining increasing interest and acceptance, Smart Grid technologies combine power generation and delivery systems with advanced communication systems to help save energy, reduce energy costs and improve reliability. Taken together, these technologies support new approaches for load balancing and power distribution, allowing optimal runtime power routing and cost management.
Such unprecedented capabilities, however, also present a set of new problems and challenges at the technical and regulatory levels that must be addressed by Industry and the Research Community.
This book consists of the identification, characterization, and modeling of electromagnetic interferences in substations for the deployment of wireless sensor networks. The authors present in chapter 3 the measurement setup to record sequences of impulsive noise samples in the ISM band of interest.
The setup can measure substation impulsive noise, in wide band, with enough samples per time window and enough precision to allow a statistical study of the noise. During the measurement campaign, the authors recorded around noise sequences in different substations and for four ranges of equipment voltage, which are 25 kV, kV, kV and kV.
A characterization process is proposed, by which physical characteristics of partial discharge can be measured in terms of first- and second-order statistics. From the measurement campaign, the authors infer the characteristics of substation impulsive noise as a function of the substation equipment voltage, and can provide representative parameters for the four voltage ranges and for several existing impulsive noise models.
The authors investigate in chapters 4 and 5 the modeling of electromagnetic interferences caused by partial discharge sources.
First, the authors propose a complete and coherent approach model that links physical characteristics of high-voltage installations to the induced radio-interference spectra of partial discharge sources. The goodness-of-fit of the proposed physical model has been measured based on some interesting statistical metrics.
This allows one to assess the effectiveness of the authors' approach in terms of first- and second-order statistics. Chapter 6 proposes a model based on statistical approach. And Because of substation events have strict performance the other side in small and non important destination, that requirements the time synchronization has important role no real redundancy is required and multiple Ethernet in IEC With the IEC a vast amount of switches would cost too much, start topology is justified information is available in a fast rate and in order to [1and13].
When a substation even occurs communication system costs etc. This way the reliability that shown in Fig 6. Also The performance right sequence of event can be restored and right evaluation of the proposed architecture are fault proof decisions and calculation can be made.
It is theoretically possible to achieve high precision synchronization with the GPS, but such system would be very expensive compared to LAN solutions. With PTP it is possible achieve less than one microsecond accuracy with the distributed clocks through Ethernet. PTP is becoming more popular solution not only in substation automation, but in all automation which needs time synchronization. It had been available in network switches for several years however unfortunately until recent years it was not implemented practically in any protection and control IED [11].
Fig 6 proposed structure [1] 3. Conclusion There are three basic topologies to implement Organization all data in IEDs is major role in every physical communication: bus topology, ring topology, communication protocol but the older protocols did not and star topology. The solution for substation bus is specify how the data should be organized in substation, widely researched topic. Since Ethernet provides flexible they only defined how the data should be transmitted base for the bus, and the IEC series does not through the wire.
And also the most important object of has to be tested and discussed for redundancy, implant IEC is interoperability between IEDs from performance, disturbance and network security on different vendors. Different topologies have different pros This new standard is more powerful to flexibility and and cons. Some topologies are better for performance and functionality by implement Object Oriented model and some for redundancy.
Often the availability and fast GOOSE messages between IEDs and also possibility reliability requirement demand for a ring type of bus to achieve less than one microsecond accuracy with the topology, but in some cases the star type is acceptable. Reference [14] classifies substation and propose suitable architect on bay level; so At last with a lot of advantages of IEC , it will is possible to find the best solution for every substation be use in smart substation on smart grids [4, 17].
Yongli, W. Dewen, W. Yan, Z. ICIEA Thomas, I. Power Delivery, Vol. Ozansoy, A. Zayegh, and A. Ghee, M. Kanabar, T. PES ' Li, W. Qiao, H. Sun, H. Wan, J. Xia, Z. Xu,and P.
Vadiati, M. Asadi, B.
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